1. Libby P. The changing landscape of atherosclerosis. Nature 2021; 592: 524-533.
2. Soehnlein O, Libby P. Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis-from experimental insights to the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20: 589-610.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00198-1
3. Azadmehr A, Afshari A, Baradaran B, Hajiaghaee R, Rezazadeh S, Monsef-Esfahani H. Suppression of nitric oxide production in activated murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by scrophularia strata etanolic extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 124: 166-164. [In Persian]
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.042
4. Mahmood A, Eqan M, Pervez S, Javed R, Ullah R, Islam, A, et al. Drugs Resistance in Heart Diseases. In: Ahmed S, Ojha SC, Najam-ul-Haq M, Younus M, Hashmi MZ, Eds. Biochemistry of Drug Resistance. Berlin, Germany: Springer Nature; 2021. P.295-334.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76320-6_11
5. Biros E, Reznik JE, Moran CS. Role of inflammatory cytokines in genesis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2022;32:138-42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2021.02.001
6. Ling H, Guo Z, Tan L, Cao Q, Song C. Stem cell-derived exosomes: Role in the pathogenesis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 130: 105884.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105884
7. Sjölander M, Carlberg B, Norberg M, Näslund U, Ng N. Prescription of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Drugs Following Pictorial Information About Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Secondary Outcome of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4: e2121683-e2121683.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21683
8. Xue Q, He N, Wang Z, Fu, X, Aung LHH, Liu Y, Yu T. Functional roles and mechanisms of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in atherosclerosis. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45: 22-31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.07.002
9. Cao Y, Liu Y, Zhang T, Lei W, Zhang B. Comparative Analysis on Single-and Multiherb Strategies in Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Therapy. Cardiol Res Pract 2021;2021:6621925.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621925
10. Zhao P, Chen W, Feng Z, Liu Y, Liu P, Xie Y, Yu DG. Electrospun nanofibers for periodontal treatment: A recent progress. Int J Nanomed 2022;17:4137-62.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S370340
11. Chaibeddra Z, Akkal S, Ouled-Haddar H, Silva AM, Zellagui A, Sebti M, Cardoso SM. Scrophularia tenuipes coss and durieu: phytochemical composition and biological activities. Molecules 2020;25:1647.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071647
12. Attar F, Keshvari A, Ghahreman A, Zarre Sh, Aghabeigi F. Micromorphological studies on Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in Iran with emphasis on seed surface, capsule ornamentation and trichomes. Flora 2007; 202: 169-175. persian.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2006.04.001
13. Park SU, Park N, Kim YK, Suh SY, Eom SH, Lee SY. Application of plant biotechnology in the medicinal plant. Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz. J Med Plant Res 2009; 3: 1258-1263.
14. Mahdavi A, Bahrami AM, Yousefizadeh Sh. The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Scrophularia striata on testicular tissue changes in hypercholesterolemic rats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 2021; 14: 347-364. [In Persian]
15. Suvarna KS, Layton C, Bancroft JD. Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
16. Sinaga E, Iswahyudi M, Setyowati S, Prasasty VD. Effect of supplementation of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit juice in preventing hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis development in rats fed with high fat high cholesterol diet. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;142:111996.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111996
17. Gill P.K, Hegele R.A. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is a polygenic trait. Curr Opin Lipidol 2022; 33: 126-132.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000796
18. Abou Khalil Y, Rabès JP, Boileau C, Varret M. APOE gene variants in primary dyslipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2021; 328: 11-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.007
19. Udhaya Kumar S, Thirumal Kumar D, Bithia R, Sankar S, Magesh R, Sidenna M, et al. Analysis of differentially expressed genes and molecular pathways in familial hypercholesterolemia involved in atherosclerosis: a systematic and bioinformatics approach. Front Gen 2020;11:734.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00734
20. Racek J. and Rackova M. Less common risk factors for atherogenesis--homocysteine, lipoprotein (a) and C-reactive protein. Casopis lekaru ceskych 2002; 141: 605-609.
21. Parham S, Kharazi AZ, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Nur H, Ismail AF, Sharif S, et al. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral properties of herbal materials. Antioxidants 2020;9:1309.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121309
22. Ismael N.M, Shehata M.G. Improvement of lipid profile and antioxidant of hyperlipidemic albino rats by functional Plantago psyllium Cake. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 2020; 8: 424-437.
https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.2.08
23. Michalak M. Plant-derived antioxidants: Significance in skin health and the ageing process. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:585.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020585
24. Fukuda T, Ito H, Yoshida T. Effect of the walnut polyphenol fraction on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mice. Biofactors 2004; 21: 251-253.
https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.552210148
25. Amirghofran Z, Azad bkht M. karimi M.H. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of five herbal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 72: 167-172. [In Persian]
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00234-8
26. Alirezalu A, Ahmadi N, Salehi P, Sonboli A, Alirezalu K, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Barba FJ, Munekata PE, Lorenzo JM. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruits species for potential use in food applications. Foods 2020;9:436.
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040436
27. Paudel D, Dhungana B, Caffe M, Krishnan P. A review of health-beneficial properties of oats. Foods 2021; 10: 2591.
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10112591
28. Hou L, Zhou B, Yang L, Liu ZL. Inhibition of human low density lipoprotein oxidation by flavonols and their glycosides. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 129: 209-219.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.02.001
29. Mennen L.I, Sapinho D, de Bree A, Arnault N, Bertrais S, Galan P, Hercberg S. Consumption of foods rich in flavonoids is related to a decreased cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy French women. J Nutr 2004; 134: 923-926.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.4.923
30. Arabbi P.R, Genovese M.I, Lajolo F.M. Flavonoids in vegetable foods commonly consumed in Brazil and estimated ingestion by the Brazilian population. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52: 1124-1131.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0499525
31. Sakai I, Izumi S.I, Murano T, Okuwaki S, Makino T, Suzuki T. Presence of aldose reductase inhibitors in tea leaves. Jpn J Pharmacol 2001; 85: 322-326.
https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.85.322
32. Nguyen AT, Fontaine J, Malonne H, Claeys M, Luhmer M, Duez PA. sugar ester and an iridoid glycoside from Scrophularia ningpoensis. Phytochemistry 2005; 66: 1186-1191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.03.023 [
DOI:10.1038/s41586-021-03392-8]