---

Background: : Fatty liver disease is one of the dangerous outcomes of progressive hepatitis B or C infections and in the recent years had been known as one of the causes of cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Present study was performed to assess fatty liver prevalence among patients with viral hepatitis.
Materials and methods: This case- control study was performed to compare ultrasonography findings of patients who referred to Royan infertility clinic and Amiralmomenin Hospital with positive hepatitis B or C infection and also control subjects. Ultrasonography was performed for all of study participants and hepatic tissue changes, ascites, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were evaluated.
Results: There was no significant difference between frequency of fatty liver disorder among patients with and without hepatitis B or C infection. Frequency of fatty liver disorders had not significant association with age and gender of study participants. Frequency of hepatomegaly was significantly higher among patients with hepatitis C infection compared with control subjects.
Conclusion: Present study suggests that control of sonographic findings of fatty liver changes and other related factors were necessary for patients with chronic hepatitis infection.

---

Background: Human group A rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children <5 years of age worldwide. Rotaviruses are widely present in environmental water. The aim of this study was to detect the human group A rotaviruses in urban sewage, hospital sewage and river water samples in Alborz province using ELISA method.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 76 samples collected from both influent and effluent water of 4 sewage treatment systems, hospital sewage, Karaj and Baraghan rivers in Alborz province. All samples were concentrated using pellet method. Afterwards, human group A rotaviruses were detected using ELISA method.
Results:  In total, rotaviruses were identified in 6 samples (7.89%) using ELISA method. Three positive samples (50%) were related to the raw sewage influent and three positive samples (50%) were related to the Karaj river. The frequency of rotavirus detection in summer, autumn and winter was 1 sample (16.66%), 3 samples (50%) and 2 samples (33.33%), respectively.
Conclusion: This study showed the contamination of environmental water by human group A rotaviruses. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor sewage treatment systems and river water for detecting rotaviruses.
Keywords: Human group A rotaviruses, Environmental water, Pellet method, ELISA.
 

---

Background: Viral hepatitis is one of common infectious diseases and known as health problem around the world. Present cross-sectional study was performed to determine the association between HBeAg and HBV-DNA in patients who referred to Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine and Amiralmomenin Hospital (Islamic Azad University) between 2012 and 2015.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 222 patients were assessed and their HBe-Ag and HBV-DNA were analyzed by serological and molecular assays to determine the association between HBeAg and HBV-DNA for infectivity of infection. The results were gathered and recorded in the study checklist.
Results: 222 chronic HBsAg positive carriers, including 74 (33.2%) female and 148 (66.8%) male were studied. Of studied population, 10(6.8%) HBeAg positive, 108 (75.5%) HBeAb positive and 94 (42.34%) HBV DNA were detected. Level of detectable HBV-DNA was significantly higher in patients with HBeAg positive in compare with patients with negative HBe Ag (, P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to study findings, there is clinical association between HBe Ag positive and HBV-DNA level and we can use HBeAg for assessing the infectivity of HBV infection.
Keywords: HBV DNA, HBe Ag, HBe Ab, HBsAg

---

Background: Human parechoviruses (HPeV) are rapidly evolving picornaviruses that may cause sepsis-/meningitis-like illness in infants. The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and quantity of human parechovirus in 160 cerebrospinal fluid samples of children under 5 years old with meningitis and meningoencephalitis hospitalized at Karaj Imam Ali Hospital.
Materials and methods: 160 CSF samples were collected during September 2019 to October 2020 in karaj province, Iran from hospitalized children with meningitis and meningoencephalitis. They were subject to detect HPeV using consensus primers targeted to their 5′UTR s.
Results: Out of 160 samples of cerebrospinal fluid, two samples (1.25%) were positive for human parechovirus. The maximum viral load of HPeV was 5.6 × 10⁶ copies / ml in December and in a 3.5 years old female patient and the minimum viral load was 3.2 × 10⁴ copies / ml in February in a 4.5 years old female patient.
Conclusion: In this study for the first time, the presence of human parecovirus in the cerebrospinal fluid samples of children under 5 years of age with meningitis and meningoencephalitis hospitalized in Imam Ali Karaj Hospital reported. Two samples out of 160 cerebrospinal fluid samples were positive. It indicates the relationship between human parechovirus and neurological disorders