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Background: Despite relatively easy access to contraceptive, the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy is high. The purpose of this study was to estimate the proportion of unwanted pregnancies and related factors among mothers delivering at 6 hospitals in Tabriz.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1576 women attended to 6 hospitals for delivery or abortion in September 2004 in Tabriz were interviewed. The questionnaire surveyed demographic characteristics, fertility history, contraceptive use, and willingness to pregnancy. The data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression using SPSS and EPI software.
Results: Totally, 414(26.7%) women had unwanted pregnancy. Higher age (OR=1.06), higher number of live children (OR=1.37), and having history of unwanted pregnancy (OR=4.34) were associated with unwanted pregnancy.
Conclusion: Unwanted pregnancy is quite common in the region, thus, appropriate policies should be considered to eliminate this maternal health concern.

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Background: Worldwide more than one sixth of total populations are smoker and it is estimated that cigarette smoking will be the most preventable lead cause of death in 2020. Anti smoking advice from general practitioners (GPs) is the most effective way for smoking cessation and recent evidence-based guidelines urge GPs to advice all patients against smoking at every opportunity. This study aimed to identify general practitioner’s knowledge about smoking cessation approaches.
 Materials and Methods: This survey was carried out through a WHO standardized questionnaire. Based on to sample size calculation, 5140 general practitioners chose by quota sampling method from 25600 practicing general physicians in the country.
Results: 74% of subjects were male. About 16% were smoking and 4.6% had past history of it. Less than 30% of subjects have knowledge about smoking cessation approaches, but only 9% of subjects have been received any formal training about these approaches during medical school or post graduate programs. Lack of training about smoking cessation approaches was the most considerable pitfall that mentioned by about 80% of subjects.
 Conclusion: Improvement of knowledge and attitude of physicians about smoking cessation approaches may have an important role in smoking reduction in the community and public health improvement. So it is a priority to do major effort for providing appropriate training formal course during medical school and postgraduate programs.

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Background: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of fever and inflammation in the peritoneum, synovium, or pleura, accompanied by pain. In this study, we examined all 10 exons to determine the most common mutations in MEFV gene as a single gene associated with FMF.
Materials and methods: In this basic study, 51 clinically diagnosed Iranian FMF patients referred to Taleghani hospital were studied. Peripheral blood was gained from them and genomic DNA was extracted according to phenol chloroform standard protocol. They were screened for the MEFV mutation using bidirectional sequencing and finally, the sequences were analyzed by related soft wares.
Results: Of 51 patients suspected to FMF, 24 (47.05%) were positive for mutation and 27 (52.95%) had no mutations. 14 patients had M694V mutation in exon10 including 4 homozygote mutation ,8 heterozygote and 4 compound heterozygote. Moreover, we could find 6 patients with M680I mutation and 2 individual (8.3%) with V721I mutation in exon 10. Only one person carried E148Q heterozygote mutation in exon 2.
Conclusion: Our finding were compatible with others investigation that M694V mutation is the most common mutation in different populations.

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Background: Many studies have been shown association between low level of Adiponectin hormone and insulin resistancy, obesity and increased risk of colorectal cancer. The goal of this study was to evaluate prevalence of polymorphism of Adiponectin gene rs 2241766 in Tehran, Iran and to check the role of this polymorphism in increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Materials and Methods: In this case- control study, genotyping of the Insulin gene were determined in 107 colorectal cancer patients and 107controls by using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping assays (PCR-RFLP).The statistical analysis was done using SPSS ver.16.
Results: Polymorphism of Adiponectin rs 2241766 was not a predisposing factor to increased risk of CRC (p=0.29). The genotype GT compared with TT, was not associated with increased risk of CRC (OR=1.02, CI=0.52-1.97 p=0.95), but GG versus TT (OR=0.015, CI=0.29-0.78 p=0.025) was associated with decreased risk of CRC. Frequency of mutant allele hadn't significant difference between patients and controls (OR=7.34, 95% CI=0.45-1.19 p=0.21).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that polymorphism of adiponectin rs 2241766 isn't associated with increased risk of CRC.

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Background: Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is recognized as a key factor in chronic inflammatory disorders. Chronic inflammation is one of the major causes of CRC. Therefore polymorphisms occur in the inflammatory genes could modulate the levels of disease. We have investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in IL-22 gene (rs1179251) and CRC risk in the Iranian population.
Materials and Methods: This case- control study was done on 166 CRC patients and and 236 health control subjects. Genomic DNA is isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes by salting out method and was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).
Results: The frequencies of GG, GC, CC genotypes in case and control groups were 71.7%, 25.3%, 3.0% and 69.5%, 26.7%, 3.8%, respectively. No significant association was found between IL-22 gene polymorphism and risk of developing CRC (p=0.85).
Conclusion: Our data suggest that rs1179246 in IL-22 gene was not associated with the CRC susceptibility in the Iranian population.

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Background: Hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus is still an important public health and economic problem in many regions of the world. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the current status of hydatid cyst infection in slaughtered animals from Isfahan province.
Materials and Methods: The survey was carried out on 4062 sheep, goat and cattle slaughtered in different slaughterhouse, including Fasaran, Khomeinishahr and Najafabad of Isfahan province from February to August 2013. The post mortem inspection of carcass and offal was carried out to recognize the disease, determination of infected organs (liver and lung) and the kind of cysts. Then, the presence or absences of protoscoleces were evaluated using an optical microscope.
Results: Of 4062 slaughtered animals, hydatid cyst was found in 141 cases (3.47%). By microscopically examination, 78% of cysts were shown to be fertile. Among three slaughterhouse of this survey, Fasaran (4.3%) and Najafabad (2.16%) had the highest and lowest contamination, respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence of the disease was various in different regions and was higher compared with other provinces. On the other hand, the age of livestock can be noted in the incidence of hydatid cyst.

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Background: According to some researches in recent years, Blastocystis is considered as the etiological agent of some gastrointestinal disorders. This parasite is polymorphic and its detection is not easy under the microscope. Because of this problem, several microscopic based studies have already reported different Blastocystis infection rates. Application of culture methods increases the chance of diagnosis of this parasite. The in vitro culture of Blastocystis in Liver Infusion Tryptose (LIT) medium is described for the first time in this study.
Materials and Methods: Liver Infusion Tryptose (LIT) containing 10% fetal calf serum in screw-capped tubes was used. Samples incubated in 37°c and examined after 24, 48 and 72 hours.
Results: 420 fresh stool samples were tested by LIT culture method and 100 positive samples (23.8%) of Blastocystis sp. were detected. while only 64 samples (15.2%) were positive with direct smear examination.
Conclusion: This study highlights the same sensitivity of this culture media and other regular cultures media and it introduces a new medium for Blastocystis sp. detection.

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Background: Self-efficacy, as the belief in your power and abilities, and Mindfulness under the title presence of mind and being in present and moment now in the purposefully shape and empty of judgment have important role in depression and of course in rumination of thoughts.
 Materials and methods: In this descriptive study, 380 students of Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, in the accessible sampling way were selected. Tools of gathering data were Sherer’s self-efficacy Questionnaires (1982), log rumination of thoughts (2007) and Kentucky’s mindfulness skills (2004). Data were used to predict by pearson’s correlation test, T test two independent groups and liner regression using SPSS software.
Results: Between self-efficacy and rumination of thoughts and also between mindfulness and rumination of thoughts was a significant negative relationship, so with increasing self-efficacy to 0.23 and with increasing mindfulness, the rate of rumination of thoughts to the 0.21 is being reduced. But, between self-efficacy and mindfulness to the rate of 0.56, there was a significant positive relationship it means that with increasing one, another one will be increased. There was a significant difference between the awareness of mind of male and female students. But, there was not significant difference between their mindfulness and their rumination of thoughts. Under the effect of self-efficacy too, the variety of mindfulness was excluded from the regression of rumination of thoughts and explain almost 0.08 of variance.
Conclusion: With the increased self-efficacy and mindfulness through purposeful life and perception of moment now without judgment and belief of “I believe” rumination of thoughts that is the root cause of psychological problems, such as depression and feeling of disability, can be prevented.

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Background and Aim: Based on previous studies, T-bet can be effective in inflammation and worsening of celiac disease by improving the progression of Th1-mediated responses and the production of pro inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of T-bet gene in patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet for 6 months or more compared with healthy individuals.
Methods: In this study, 20 peripheral blood samples were collected from patients (37.5±16.07) with celiac disease and 20 samples from healthy individuals (36.47±8.62) as a control group. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, a specific primer pair of T-bet gene was designed and used after confirmation with blast software. PCR was performed and then T-bet gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR.
Results: In this study, 12 (60%) females and 8 (40%) males in the patient group and 13 (65%) females and 7 (35%) males in the control group were studied. T-bet gene expression was not significantly different in patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet for 6 months or more compared with healthy individuals (Pvalue: 0.27).
Conclusion: The results of quantitative analysis of the expression of this gene in patients with celiac disease treated with gluten-free diet (for 6 months or more) compared with controls showed that this gene cannot be used as a diagnostic biomarker to differentiate Patients from healthy individuals.
 

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Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays an indispensable role in the gastric cancer. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of herbal medicines have been outlined in various studies.
Materials and methods: In this review study, the association of H. pylori with gastric cancer and antibacterial effects of herbal medicines was evaluated using previous published data. Key words included Helicobacter pylori, virulence factors, gastric cancer, thioredoxin-1 and herbal medicines. Searching engines included “Google”, “Google Scholar”, “PubMed”, “SCOPUS” and “Web of Science”.
Results: Virulence factors of the H. pylori alongside the host and environmental factors cause various gastric outcomes. Some of natural compounds have the potential of bactericidal effects, particularly those with multi-drug resistance and anti-biofilm effects against H. pylori. Antibiofilm agents have been mainly isolated from natural products, many of which are "secondary" metabolites and can be produced by microorganisms, such as phytochemicals, biosurfactants, antimicrobial peptides and microbial enzymes, etc.
Conclusion: This study revealed that H. pylori virulence factors such as recently identified thioredoxin-1 play substantial role in gastric ulcers and cancer. Herbal medicines contain various bioactive compounds which have potential antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects. Formulation of these compounds can enhance bioavailability and stability within the gastrointestinal tract.
 

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Background: 3,2,1 triazoles are an important class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds whose unique biological properties have made them an important class of chemical compounds. The biological activity of these compounds is known as anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, anti-tuberculosis, anti-HIV, etc.  
Materials and methods: In this research, first we synthesized new courcomin catalyst. We investigated synthesis of some 1,2,3 triazol derivatives and evaluated their anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effects. After synthesis and purification of some 1,2,3-triazol compound, the inhibitory effect of compounds against fungal (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger) and against bacterial (Staphylococcus arueus and Escherichia coli) was evaluated.
Results: It was found that compound (3): 1-(4-bromobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ol exhibited the best antifungal activities. Also this compound showed good activity against Staphylococcus areus as a Gram-positive bacteria.
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that the use of recombinant substance 3 as a new compound with acceptable antimicrobial properties can be considered