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Background: Nosocomial infections are one of the most important causes of morbidity and hospital mortality rate in hospitalized patients. The infections that are usually occur 48 to 72 hours after admission are called nosocomial infections. These infections increase the duration of hospitalization for 1-30 days. In Iran, nosocomial infections were reported in 1.9% to 25% of hospitalized patients.
 Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 252 medical students (80 interns and 172 externs). Questionnaires including 40 questions in the form of multiple choices were prepared and distributed randomly among medical students. The answer sheets were collected and corrected. Then, results were analysed using SPSS software.
 Results: Totally, 33% of students had poor knowledge of nosocomial infections, while 50% and 17% had moderate and good (high) knowledge, respectively. There was no statistically significant relationship between gender and knowledge, however, extern's knowledge were significantly better than intern's.
Conclusion: With respect to the poor knowledge of medical students towards nosocomial infection, we suggest a course dealing with nosocomial infections for medical students.

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Background: This study was performed to evaluate the myopia prevalence, myopia progression, and various potential myopia risk factors in medical students’ final year (Internship period) at Islamic Azad University, Tehran unit.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 240 medical students were selected through simple random sampling. The students, who spend Internship course at the university hospitals in the first term of 1383, were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to assess the prevalence of myopia, myopia Progression, and possible risk factors. The first part of questionnaire was completed by all participants and the second part was completed only by myopias. Myopia was defined on a per student basis at the mean spherical equivalent of equal to or less than – 0.5 diopters (D) at the end of medical school. Myopia progression defined as the difference between current myopia and spherical equivalent at the beginning of medical school.
Results: Among 240 students, the prevalence of myopia was 22.1%, myopia and astigmatism 29.2%, astigmatism 12.1%, astigmatism and hyperopia %2/9, hyperopia 1.7%. The prevalence of total refractive errors was 67. 9% and the prevalence of myopia found to be 51.3%. The mean equivalent sphere for the myopic student was – 2.28 D and the mean myopia progression during medical school was – 0.75 D. Myopia increased in 78.8% during medical college. Among myopic student 10% become myopic after the beginning of medical School. The mean age of onset of myopia was at 16 years of age. There was significantly statistical association between myopia and female gender, age of onset, positive myopia family history, and reading distance.
Conclusion: Prevalence of myopia in our study was higher than worldwide prevalence. It may demonstrate the role of academic education and generally the reading required works as a risk factor for myopia.

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Background: This randomized controlled trial was designed to assess impact of short time music listening on the attention and working memory performance.
Materials and methods: Forty medical students randomly assigned to music and control groups. This randomization was performed in a way to maintain an equal sexual distribution between the two groups to lower probable bias. Fifteen minutes of classical music (Piano sonata K576 by Mozart) played for volunteers in music group, while in control group 15 minutes of rest allowed before performing tests. Wechsler memory scale and reverse digit count test were performed by both groups. The results were compared between two groups and analyzed by statistical methods.
Results: Corrected WMS score in music group was 113.97 so it was higher than control group witch was 107.22 (p<0.01). Resulted memory quotient (MQ) in music group was 131.75 and it was higher than control group which was 116.6 (p<0.01). Performing time of reverse digit count test (from 100 to 1 by interval of 7) in music group was 41.50 sec and it was lower than 51.0 sec of control group but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Reverse digit count test errors in music group was 0.45 and was lower than 1.20 of control group and it was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Music listening improved attention and memory performance in music group comparing to control group.

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Background: This research aimed at studying the factors affecting medical students’ satisfaction with their future job.
Materials and methods: In a descriptive, cross-sectional research, 250 medical interns (94 males and 156 females) at the Islamic Azad University in Tehran were studied using an attitude questionnaire with demographic features. They included all medical interns studying medicine in the academic year 1384-1385 (2005-2006) in Qods clinic and Amir Al-Momenin (A), Javadiyeh, Bou-Ali, Javaheri, Torfeh, Kashani, Lavasani, and Naft hospitals. The obtained data were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, and ANOVA.
Results: The results of the study showed that mothers’ educational level was the only variable having a significant statistical relationship with the students job satisfaction score (p<0.01). However, no significant correlation was found between students job satisfaction and factors like sex, marital status, the presence of a physician in the family, fathers’ educational level, and willingness to practice medicine after graduation.
Conclusion: Dissatisfaction with their economic status, the future of medical practice, working hours, and obligatory services in deprived areas are among the factors which diminish medical students’ motivation to practice medicine in the future.

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Background: Regarding to high prevalence of sleep disorders in general population and effect of sleep on mental and physical function, and also due to attention-requiring task done by physicians, prevalence of sleep disorders in medical students as well as the relation of these problems with daytime sleepiness and their function based on gender and grade were assessed.
Materials and methods: In this study, 400 medical residents and students were evaluated by means of a questionnaire from the Kaplan textbook and questionnaire of life style assessment (S-DHQ). Data were analyzed by SPSS ver.13 and descriptive and comparative statistics, including mean, standard deviation, chi- square, ANOVA, paired t were used.
Results: Among different types of Insomnia, fragmented sleep was the most prevalent (49%) and sleep latency more than 1 hour (7.3%) was the least common disorders. Nightmares were the most common (32%) form of Parasomnia, while sleep eating disorder had the least prevalence (1%). We didn't found any report of narcolepsia. There was a significant relation between sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness and self-reported dissatisfaction of function that was more common in women and interns.
Conclusion: Any type of sleep disorders can lead to daytime sleepiness and human's dissatisfaction of their function, particularly in women.

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Background: Avian influenza, a viral disease in poultry, is an important infectious disease among human beings, because of easy spreading, no immunity and antigenic shift of virus. It has been occurred outbreak of avian influenza in some neighbor countries of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge of medical students toward avian influenza.
Materials and methods: In this cross– sectional study, the knowledge of 403 medical students was gathered using a questionnaire in 2008. A pilot study verified the validity and reliability of questionnaire. The students completed the questionnaire, and then data were analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 23.68±2.8 years. Male to female ratio was 208 to 194. Mean score of students knowledge was 39.33±7.4. There was significant relationship between educational level and knowledge score (p=0.001). However, no significant relationship was found between knowledge score and other variables (NS).
Conclusion: This study suggests that educational programs can positively influence the knowledge about infectious diseases, especially avian influenza.

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Background: Sleep sufficiency and quality affects medical students’ academic learning and understanding. So, this study was conducted to assess sleep quality and its associated factors among medical students.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross- sectional study, 407 medical students (269 interns and 138 externs) were chosen by a multi-stage random sampling method from five hospitals in Tehran, Iran and questioned using Sleep and Day- Time Habits Questionnaire (S&DHQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic methods and Spearman correlation coefficient test.
Results: 407 medical students with mean (± SD) age of 25±1.67 were studied. 257 (63.1%) and 150 (36.9) were female and male, respectively. 9.1% of students reported their sleep quality as excellent, 36.1% good, 39.3% satisfactory, 13.5% unsatisfactory and 2% poor. There was statistically significant relationship between students’ sleep quality and awakening due to environmental noises, day time napping duration, uncommon bed entry time, early morning awakenings, and day time fatigue and drowsiness in class rooms (P<0.001).
Conclusion: This study showed that sleep disorders are prevalent among medical students, intern and extern.

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Background: Learning is considered as the basis of the education system, and the other issues in this field depend on this important factor. The students’ presence and their participation in the classroom are considered as the foundation for learning and education. This study was conducted to assess the causes of absenteeism and lack of attention to the instructions among medical students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch.
Materials and methods: The participants of this causal- comparative study consisted of 375 students from basic medical science group. The instrument used for the present study was a 3- section form designed by the researcher himself.
 Results: Among the 4 factors affecting students’ presence in the classroom, the instructors’ performance was the major cause of their absenteeism and the next parameter was educational programming. Self and family problems and medical science situation in society were the other effective factors, respectively.
Conclusion: According to our findings, the accurate and continuous assessment of the quality of instruction, holding methodology, expression skills, and successful interrelation skill workshops for the instructors especially the inexperienced, and modifying the educational programs will increase the students’ interest to participate more in the classroom.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of education model based on problem solving approach on educational engagement of medical students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch.  
Materials and methods: This research is quasi-experimental research in terms of applied purpose. The statistical population of this study was all 5928 medical students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch of Medical Sciences, of which 60 were divided into experimental and control groups. The intervention group received training based on a problem-solving approach for 8 sessions. Data were collected using Zerang Academic Involvement Questionnaire (2012) and analyzed using SPSS version 25 by MANCOVA statistical test.  
Results: In the pre-test stage, the mean of academic involvement was not significantly different between the two groups. Comparison of academic involvement in the intervention group showed that a significant difference was observed in the mean of this variable and its dimensions after the intervention (p= 0.05). It shows that the model of education based on the problem-solving approach has a significant effect on the academic engagement of medical students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch of Medical Sciences.
Conclusion: Education based on problem solving approach is one of the important factors that plays a role in students' academic engagement.
 

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Background: The aim of this study was the evaluation of effectiveness of education based on problem solving approach on exam anxiety of medical students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch.
Materials and methods: This research is quasi-experimental research in terms of applied purpose. The statistical population of this study was all 5928 medical students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch of Medical Sciences, of which 60 were divided into experimental and control groups. The intervention group received training based on a problem-solving approach for 10 sessions. Data were collected using Sarason's exam anxiety (1957) Questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 26 by ANCOVA statistical test.
Results: In the pre-test stage, there was no significant difference in the mean test anxiety between the two groups. A significant difference was observed in the mean anxiety score and its dimensions of intervention group after the intervention (p=0.05). It means that the teaching model based on the problem-solving approach has a significant effect on the exam anxiety among medical students of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran Medical Sciences Branch.
Conclusion: Education based on the problem-solving approach is one of the important factors that plays a role in reducing students' exam anxiety.
 

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Background: Considering the tendency of the new generation, especially students, to use virtual spaces, it seems that the internet can be considered as a medium of influence in academic and personal life. The aim of the study was to predict body dysmorphic based on internet addiction and loneliness in medical students.
Materials and methods: The type of present study was descriptive-correlation. 190 medical students from west of Mazandaran were included in the study by stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using Kimberly Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire, Rabiei et al.'s body dysmorphic Questionnaire, and Russell's Loneliness Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test and stepwise regression were used for analysis.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between internet addiction and feeling lonely with body dysmorphic in West Mazandaran medical students (P<0.01). The results of the regression analysis showed that in the first step, the feeling of loneliness variable alone predicts 44% of the variance of the body dysmorphic variable (P<0.01). In the second step of this analysis, the variable of internet addiction was added as another variable after the variable of loneliness into the prediction equation of students' body dysmorphic, and with the addition of this variable, the predictive power increased to 50% (P<0.01).
Conclusion: the variables of internet addiction and feeling of loneliness are predictors of body dysmorphic in medical students, in such a way that body dysmorphic disorder increases with more feeling of loneliness and higher dependence on the internet.