1. Treede R-D. The International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: as valid in 2018 as in 1979, but in need of regularly updated footnotes. Pain Rep 2018;3:e643. [DOI:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000643]

2. Kutluturkan S, Urvaylıoǧlu AE. Evaluation of Pain as a Fifth Vital Sign: Nurses' Opinions and Beliefs. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2020;7:88-94. [DOI:10.4103/apjon.apjon_39_19]

3. Youngcharoen P, Aree‐Ue S. A cross‐sectional study of factors associated with nurses' postoperative pain management practices for older patients. Nurs Open 2023;10:90-8. [DOI:10.1002/nop2.1281]

4. Schuller KA, Buchman SA. A qualitative understanding of nurses' challenges with pain management. Nurs Outlook 2022;70:292-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.outlook.2021.09.008]

5. Dueñas M, Ojeda B, Salazar A, Mico JA, Failde I. A review of chronic pain impact on patients, their social environment and the health care system. J Pain Res 2016;9:457-67. [DOI:10.2147/JPR.S105892]

6. Liu JY. Exploring nursing assistants' roles in the process of pain management for cognitively impaired nursing home residents: a qualitative study. J Adv Nurs 2014;70:1065-77. [DOI:10.1111/jan.12259]

7. Aziato L, Adejumo O. Determinants of nurses' knowledge gap on pain management in Ghana. Nurse Educ Pract 2014;14:195-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.nepr.2013.08.004]

8. Aflatoonian M R, Rafati F, Soltaninejad M, mashayekhi F. The survey of nurses, knowledge and attitude towards pain management in Jiroft University of Medical Sciences. JAP 2017;8:14-21. [In Persian]

9. Anekar AA, Hendrix JM, Cascella M. WHO Analgesic Ladder. [Updated 2023 Apr 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554435/

10. Hadley GR, Jones MR, Kaye AD, Eds. Analgesic ladder approach. Pain: A Review Guide. Cham: Springer; 2019. p. 949-51. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-99124-5_202]

11. Brant J. Pain management. In: O'Connor M, Aranda S, eds. Palliative Care Nursing. London: Routledge; 2018. p.101-14. [DOI:10.4324/9781315378473-8]

12. Yang J, Bauer BA, Wahner-Roedler DL, Chon TY, Xiao L. The modified WHO analgesic ladder: is it appropriate for chronic non-cancer pain? J Pain Res 2020;13:411-7. [DOI:10.2147/JPR.S244173]

13. Bikmoradi A, Abdolmaleki S, Tapak L. The Effect of Telephone Consultation and Follow-up on Pain Reduction in Multiple Sclerotic Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2020;28:11-9. ([In Persian] [DOI:10.30699/ajnmc.28.1.11]

14. Ghorbani Moghaddam Z, Jahanpour F, Hajivandi A. Knowledge، attitude and practice of nursing regarding post operative pain management in hospitals affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Management. J Nurs Vulnerables 2015;1:32-41. [In Persian]

15. Kiwanuka F, Masaba R. Nurses' knowledge, attitude and practices regarding pain assessment among patients with cancer at Uganda Cancer Institute. Anal Res Clin Med 2018;6:72-9. [DOI:10.15171/jarcm.2018.011]

16. Mohammad Aliha J, Najafi Ghezeljeh T, Haghani S, Nasrollah Nejhad S. Knowledge of Nurses Regarding Pain Management in the Patient Referring to the Emergency Departments of the Hospitals Affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. IJN 2018;31:41-50. [In Persian] [DOI:10.29252/ijn.31.115.41]

17. Salameh B. Nurses' knowledge regarding pain management in high acuity care units: A case study of Palestine. Int J Health Sci 2018;12:51-7.

18. Ucuzal M, Doğan RJIEN. Emergency nurses' knowledge, attitude and clinical decision making skills about pain. Int Emerg Nurs 2015;23:75-80. [DOI:10.1016/j.ienj.2014.11.006]

19. Asadi Noghabi F, Soudagar S, Nazari O. Knowledge, attitude and performance of nurses regarding pain assessment and measurement, Bandar Abbas, Iran. HMJ 2012;16:403-13. [In Persian]

20. Tufekci FG, Ozlu ZK, Arslan S, Gumus K. Knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management of oncology and non-oncology nurses in Turkey. Glob Adv Res J Nurs Midwifery 2013;2:1-8.

21. Achaliwie F, Wakefield AB, Mackintosh-Franklin C. Does Education Improve Nurses' Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills, and Practice in Relation to Pain Management? An Integrative Review. Pain Manag Nurs 2023;24:273-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmn.2022.12.002]

22. Ogada EJ. Healthcare Workers' Knowledge Attitude and Practice in Management of Pain During Acute Pain Crisis in Children With Sickle Cell Disease in Homabay County Teaching and Referral Hospital-mixed Methods Study [MD Dissertation]. Nairobi: University of Nairobi; 2022.

23. Hosseinzadegan F, Shahbaz A, Jasemi M. Survey of nurse's knowledge, attitude and practice in surgery wards toward assessment and management of patients's pain in teaching hospitals of urmia in 2016. Nursing Midwifery Journal 2017;15:620-9. [In Persian]

24. Moceri JT, Drevdahl DJ. Nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward pain in the emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 2014;40:6-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.jen.2012.04.014]

25. Ista E, van Dijk M, van Achterberg T. Do implementation strategies increase adherence to pain assessment in hospitals? A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud 2013;50:552-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.11.003]

26. Utne I, Småstuen MC, Nyblin U. Pain knowledge and attitudes among nurses in cancer care in Norway. J Cancer Educ 2019;34:677-84. [DOI:10.1007/s13187-018-1355-3]

27. Dharsee N, Haule M, Mlawa G, Lwanga T. Identifying Training Needs in Pain Management-A Survey of Staff at a Tertiary Cancer Care Centre. J Pain Studies Treatment 2022;10:9-20. [DOI:10.4236/pst.2022.102002]

28. Alzghoul BI, Abdullah NAC. Pain management practices by nurses: an application of the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) model. Glob J Health Sci 2016;8:154-60. [DOI:10.5539/gjhs.v8n6p154]

29. Al Omari D, Alhabahbeh A, Subih M, Aljabery A. Pain management in the older adult: The relationship between nurses' knowledge, attitudes and nurses' practice in Ireland and Jordan. Appl Nurs Res 2021;57:151388. [DOI:10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151388]