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Background: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common virus in human. The rate of drug resistance is increasing in HSV-1. In this study, anti-viral effects of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extract was evaluated against acyclovir resistant HSV-1 before, during and after the infection of Hela cell line. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, the trypan blue and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tests were used to rule out the potential toxic effects extract on the Hela cell line. Antiviral effects of the extract on acyclovir resistant HSV-1 were evaluated before the infection and at different concentrations of the extract. The effective minimal cytotoxic concentration was assessed at different times of virus replication after virus adsorption. Virus titer was determined by tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) method. Results: The CC50 value and effective minimal cytotoxic concentration were determined at 780 µg/ml and 390 µg/ml respectively. Treatment of HSV-1 with extract resulted in 1 log10 TCID50 reduction in virus titers after 3 and 4 hour. The highest reduction in acyclovir resistant HSV-1 infectivity was obtained 2 and 4 hour after the infection of the cells with virus resulting in 1.7 log10 TCID50 reduction as compared with control. Conclusion: The antiviral effects of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extract on acyclovir resistant HSV-1 after virus infection was more remarkable than the treatment of virus with the extract before virus adsorption. Keywords: Sumac extract, Antiviral effects, Herpes simplex virus type 1.

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Background: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections, which if not treated, it can ‎cause serious problems in patients. One of the ways to treat of this infection is antibiotic therapy. ‎Nowaday, antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is a main problem for physicians and patients in the ‎world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic resistance to quinolones antibiotics in ‎Enterobacteriaceae isolated in urine samples. ‎ Materials and methods: 100 bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family were isolated from suspected ‎samples of urinary infection. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria to quinolone antibiotics, ‎including ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and enrofloaxin, was ‎performed by disc diffusion method according to standard guidelines (CLSI 2014). PCR was ‎performed by specific primers of gyrA gene.‎ Results: Hundred bacteria were isolated of clinical urine sample including 60 E.coli, 32 Klebsiella, 3 ‎Enterobacter, and 5 Proteus. Antibiotic resistance to ciprofloxacin were 36%, nalidixic acid 45%, ‎norfloxacin 38%, ofloxacin 38%, levofloxacin 35% and enrofloaxin 39%. Totally, 36 bacteria were ‎resist to all antibiotics, which 29 bacteria (80.55%) revealed mutation in gyrA gene. ‎ Conclusion: This study revealed that Ecoli isolates carry a mutation in gyrA genes. This mutation has ‎an important role in antibiotic resistance to quinolons.‎ Keywords: Antibiotics resistance, Quinolone, gyrA gene, Enterobacteracae, PCR.‎