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Background: Children's physical growth is of utmost importance and their height and weight measurements are the most valuable factors in order to study and evaluate the quantity and quality of their growth. In Iran, like many other countries, NCHS standard charts are used, however, due to ethnic and geographical variations local charts should be prepared in order to compare children’s status of health and growth. Materials and method: During the present cross sectional study, some primary schools were selected randomly and the height and weight of all 7-11 years old students (2224 students) were measured. Those with known disease affecting growth were excluded.
Results: Our results indicated that the mean of height and weight of 7 years old girls had been 120.04cm and 21.23kg, respectively, however, these figures increased to 140.49cm and 31.88kg by the age of 11 years. These figures were 119.32cm and 21.5kg and 139.36cm and 31.98kg for 7 and 11 years old boys, respectively.
 Conclusion:Results revealed that the mean height and weight of children in Shahrood is lower than the international standards. This suggests that nursing education should be improved to provide a higher level of health services. Also parents, teachers and school health care providers need some further training regarding children nourishment, health, vaccination and disorders and disease prevention, as these factors have critical roles in children's physical growth.

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Background: Applying pain reduction techniques is an essential right for all patients. The present study was conducted to determine the efficacy of thought aversion technique on pain severity of patients with acute abdomen.

Materials and methods: For this clinical trial, 50 patients admitted to the surgical unit of hospitals affiliated to Mashad University of Medical Sciences were consecutively selected. Initial data were gathered by a questionnaire.

 Results: Totally, 62% of patients had experienced sever pain before our intervention, of whom, 58% described moderate pain following the thought aversion technique. The mean pain score was reduced from 7.88 to 4.38 following the intervention. Patients admitted for herniorraphy took benefit much more than the other groups (mean 4.14±0.90), however, this technique was not associated with satisfactory out come in patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Conclusion: Thought aversion technique is associated with satisfactory results in pain reduction of patients undergoing surgery.

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Background: One of the most important current health problems is hypertension. Many hypertensive patients dye or become disabled every year due to the complications of this disease. The first step in the treatment of this disease is lifestyle modification. Sweden massage as a kind of alternative medicine is a method for changing lifestyle. This study aimed to assess the effect of Sweden massage on blood pressure of hypertensive patients.
Material and methods: In this semi-experimental study 30 individuals (15 males and 15 females) in the age range of 45-55 years were chosen with simple sampling method. Half an hour Sweden massage was performed in the mornings for back (17 minutes), neck (6 minutes), and chest (7 minutes) and blood pressure was measured and registered before and after the massage.
Results: The results showed that Sweden massage reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of study subjects in each session (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: This study recommends using Sweden massage as a non-medical method of treatment in hypertensive patients without any adverse effect.

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Background: Despite the reported role of three common mutations of the CARD15/NOD2 gene including R702W, G908R and 1007fs in Crohn’s disease (CD), only about 30% of Iranian CD patients carry one of these three variants (R702W). The aim of this study was to screen the hot points of NOD2 gene to find any novel sequence variations in Iranian patients with CD.
Materials and methods: Eighty non-related Crohn's patients from Iranian origin, referred to a tertiary center in a three-year period (2006-2009), were enrolled in this study. The hot points of NOD2 gene (including exons 4 and 8) were evaluated by direct sequencing after amplification of related sequences with polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: A total of 17 sequence variations were identified among these exons of NOD2 gene including 7 novel ones. Three of these new mutations had an allele frequency more than 5%. All new mutations were a consequence of a single nucleotide change, 4 resulted in an aminoacid change while one formed a stop coden. No deletion or insertion mutation was observed in this part of the gene.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated the existence of uncommon NOD2 variants in Iranian patients with CD. It is possible that these mutations play a role in susceptibility to CD in Iranian population.

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Background: Collagen is a protein with specific importance in pharmacy and medicine. The aim of this study was extraction of collagen type I by optimum using of Iranian fishes of Persian Gulf and also debris of Shilat industry.
Materials and methods: Extraction of collagen type I from the proper specimens was performed by two methods of acidic and alkaline. In acidic method, first, the lipids separated, then, by using HCL 5%, calcium elements were extracted. The pH of medium neutralized and hydrolysis was performed in high stream water vapor. The material have been filtered and in the vicinity of heat in vacuum state collagen concentrated. Then the sheets of collagen, grinding was done. In the alkaline method, the specimens were treated by sodium hydroxid 4% for 3 weeks at room temperature.
Results: The rate of separated collagen from fish hasn’t significant difference between alkaline and acidic methods. For example, mean rate of 20.81% for collagen extraction from skin of fishes in alkaline method and mean of 19.76% in acidic method was detected. The collagen specimens extracted by these methods have equal or higher quality in comparison with specimens extracted from other sources.
Conclusion: According to costless of primary materials, such as debris of fishes, in the production of collagen in Iran and import of collagen is expensive, domestic production is saving money.

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Background: A potential brain damage, as a result of premature birth, can cause damage to intelligence quotient (IQ). Due to the high incidence of preterm birth and its associated disorders and its impact on society and according to a few studies in this field, this study with the aim of evaluating association between IQ and preterm birth was conducted.
Materials and Methods: This historical cohort study was done on 282 children of school age, dividing into two groups of cohort (n = 147) and controls (n = 156). Demographic characteristics and findings of Raven's test for assessing IQ were gathered in children. Data were analyzed by SPSS software at a significance level of less than 0.05.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of IQ in cohort groups and control were the 99.46 ± 9.91 and 100.02 ± 8.61, respectively. The mean gestational age was 33.74 weeks in cohort group and 38.63 weeks in the control group. Mean birth weight and head circumference in the cohort and control group were 2226.81gr, 32.72 cm and 3260.57gr, 33.97 cm, respectively. Mean score of IQ was not significantly different between two groups, but IQ had significant correlation with birth weight and head circumference (r=0.179, P=0.002 and r=0.299, P<0.001, respectively).
Conclusion: Unlike results of a few previous studies on this issue, no significant differences were found between the two groups. It is recommended that future assessments study should be done on broader populations and should be considered behavioral and psychological dimensions.

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Background: Studies have shown that any disruption in wnt signaling pathway is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). One of the important molecules involved in activation or inactivation of this pathway is GSK3β (glycogen syntase kinase3β). The main goal of this study was to evaluate GSK3β phosphorylation by treatment of cells with dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a kind of neurosteroid that decreases in the brain with aging.
 Materials and methods: In this experimental study, neural progenitor cells were obtained from mouse embryos brain. Then, these cells were treated with 1µm concentration of DHEA for 48h. After 48h, the phosphorylation of GSK3β was analyzed by immunocytochemistry.
Results: DHEA increased phosphorylation of GSK3β in neural cells treated by DHEA, whole in control group, we could not detect the expression of GSK3β.
Conclusion: DHEA can increase phosphorylation of GSK3β in neural cells and inactivation of GSK3β can help to cure AD.

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Background: Enterococci have been recognized as clinically important pathogens. Among more than one dozen species of Enterococcus species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are major pathogens. Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) strains have been spread worldwide among inpatients and outpatients. This study was designed to study phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of VRE isolates from inpatients and outpatients.
Materials and methods: Of 193 enterococci isolates, 178 strains were identified as E. faecalis and as 15 E.faecium . Out of 193 isolates strains of enterococci, 22 were detected as VRE. All of these strains were isolated from fecal (6 starins) or clinical samples (16) of hospitalized patients.
Results: The PCR revealed VanA genotype in 10 E. faecium and 2 E. faecalis strains, whereas VanB genotype was detected in 5 E.faecium and 5 E.feacalis strains. No VanC genotype was detected among VRE strains.
Conclusion: Due to limited published studies in Iran for VRE strains, we are not able tot compare our results with other studies, but our findings showed that VRE strains were isolated from normal flora and clinical samples, on the other hand the VanA genotype is more than VanB among VRE strains.

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Background: Burn is one of the factors in the spread of disease. To treat burns, several topical medications are required. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of topical nano zinc oxide on skin burns of adult female mice of NMRI.

Materials and methods: 30 adult female mice of the NMRI were placed in groups of control1(without burns), control2 (burns without healing), sham (burns distilled water tween 20), experimental 1 (burns and distilled zinc oxide 300mg), and experimental 2 (burns and distilled zinc oxide 500mg). In sterile conditions and anesthesia, a wound was created with diameter of one centimeter on the back of each mouse. The mice were treated for 21 days and were easy to draw. The thickness of the horny layer, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, number of hair follicles and number of dermic vessels and vessel diameter, the diameter of the wound and scar was evaluated.

Results: Diameter of scar in all groups revealed reduction (P<0.001) compared to control 2. Thickness of horny epiderm significantly increased (p <0.001) in groups of control 1, sham, experimental 1, and 2 compared to control 2. The thickness of the hypoderm increased in groups of sham (p<0.01), control 1, experimental 1, and 2 (P<0.001) compared to control 2. Thickness of the dermis was larger in groups of control 1, sham, experimental 1 , and 2 (P <0.001) in comparison of control 2 group. The number of hair follicles was decreased in control 1 group (P<0.01) and increased in groups of sham (p<0.01), and experimental 1 and 2 (P <0.001) compared to control 2. There were no significant differences in the number of dermic vessels and the diameter of dermic vessels between groups.

Conclusion: Results showed that nano zinc oxide had good effects on burned skin layers and hair follicles.

Keywords: Nano-zinc oxide, Skin burn, Healing, Dermis, Epidermis.

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Background: Operation rooms are one of the most hazardous environments in terms of possible human-related health hazards and reduction of errors in these environments is a necessity to improve the quality of health care. The purpose of this study was to determine the cases of errors and factors affecting the errors in the operating room.
Materials and methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 2016, and the viewpoints of 200 employees of operating rooms in selected hospitals of Tehran Medical Sciences Universities were randomly categorized using a researcher-made questionnaire in three sections: demographic specification, error cases, effective factors in errors" in four dimensions of individual, environmental skill and managerial. Data were analyzed by descriptive-inferential statistics methods using SPSS software.
Results: Regarding employees' viewpoint, wrong selection of a surgery (71%), and wrong surgery of an incorrect organ (61%) is the most important errors. The most important factors affecting the occurrence of faults in individual dimension was physical and mental condition of personnel (74%), in the environmental dimension the high number of surgical procedures (69%), in the skill dimension incomprehensibility in the use of equipment (60.5%), and in the management dimension low number of personnel in the surgical operation (74.5%).
Conclusion: Communicating with patients, and engaging skilled and physically minded staff, observing the standards of staffing in terms of quantity and experience, avoiding crowds and crowding, having healthy and safe equipment and familiarity with how they are used, Proper management of error cases and appropriate conduct with the wrong doer can reduce the error rate in the operating rooms.

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Background: Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a common systemic vasculitis in childhood, usually characterized by skin, abdominal, and renal manifestations. Most patients are 4 to 7 years old and are more common in boys. The disease is very rare in adults with multiple symptoms.
Case Report: A 20-year-old male patient with final diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein disease with rare complications was admitted in our center. The patient referred to the hospital with acute abdomen and free fluid in the abdominal space and underwent appendectomy. During the hospitalization of the patient, purpura in the lower limb and acute scrotum were developed, which treatment was successfully performed. Disease and treatment approach of this patient has significant points that are listed below.
Conclusion: incidence of multiple symptoms in Henoch-Schonlein purpura is very rare in adults and may cause organ failure. Therefore, its symptoms should always be considered and appropriate diagnostic measures should be taken to prevent unnecessary surgery. Careful attention and frequent examinations by the surgeon in patients with abdominal complications are also essential.

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Background: Pain is an unfortunate sentiment associated with damage to the body tissue. Nurses play a crucial role in pain management as one of the care principles. Hence, this study was conducted to determine nurses' knowledge and attitude about the pain management ladder method in 2020.
Materials and methods: In this descriptive correlational study, 215 nurses from Kerman Payambar Azam Hospital were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were collected via a questionnaire that assessed the knowledge and attitudes toward the pain management ladder method, and analysis was performed using SPSS23.  
Results: The results of data analysis showed that the participants' knowledge and attitude mean scores regarding the pain management ladder method were 17.08 ± 4.75 and 71.7 ± 6.88, respectively, at the moderate level. The results indicated a positive and significant correlation between knowledge and attitude toward pain management (r= 0.335, p= 0.001). Among the demographic variables, there was a significant correlation between the knowledge mean score and age, work experience, and workplace (p<0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between the attitude mean score and demographic variables.
Conclusion: Regarding our findings, the moderate level of nurses’ knowledge and attitude mean scores were inadequate to manage pain, and the presence of positive correlations between these two variables and some demographic characteristics need more attention for planning training courses.
 

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Background: Childhood trauma can lead to problems in social cognition, which in turn can affect how people interact and build relationships. Addressing this issue can help to better understand this phenomenon and develop effective interventions to improve the social cognition of people who have been affected by childhood trauma. By specifically considering emotional intelligence as a mediator, this study sought to analyze the link between childhood trauma and social cognition.
Materials and methods: Structural equation correlations were employed as the research methodology in this study. The statistical population comprised students of the Islamic Azad University of Roodehen, aged 20 years and above. These students were enrolled in the academic year 2021-2022, and 336 of them were selected through convenience sampling. To gather data for this research, the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (1990) (SSEIT), the Eye-Reading Test (1997) (RMET), and the Bernstein Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (2003) (CTQ) were employed. Data analysis were performed using SPSS-27 and AMOS-26 software, incorporating Pearson correlation and structural equations.
Results: The findings showed that the social cognition of students was heavily impacted by childhood trauma and emotional intelligence. In addition, emotional intelligence served as a mediator in the connection between childhood trauma and the social cognition of students.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that the emotional intelligence of students reduces the effects of childhood trauma on their social cognition