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Background: Nowadays, social relations have been become more complex and mental diseases have been raised. So, it will be necessary that people become more familiar with methods of opposition and psychological defense mechanisms which is especially important for individuals with special diseases. Purpose of the present research was to study the level and way of using defense mechanisms by diabetic and healthy people.
Materials and methods: In this case-control study, among 500 diabetic people who visited in Imam Khomeini hospital of Ardebil in years 2006– 2007, 40 diabetic and 40 healthy people were selected by systematic sampling method. Information was gathered by means of a questionnaire prepared by Qamari (1383) according to defense function measure (DSM-IV). Data were compared between two groups by t-test.
Results: There was significant relation between education and job with the way of how using defense mechanisms. While, level of using defense mechanisms between men and women, patients and non- patients, and single and married people was not significant.
Conclusion: In general, diabetic and non-diabetic people, especially jobless and low educated subjects need further information about defense mechanisms.

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Background: Coronary artery diseases (CAD) are leading causes of death in developed countries. Also, 10-15% of elderly people of the United State of America have gallstone. These two diseases have similar risk factors, such as obesity, elderliness, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hyper tension. Determining the correlation of coronary artery disease and gallstone is the main Aim of this study.
Materials and methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was done on 130 patients whom were suspected to CAD and have been referred to Shohadaye Kargar Hospital of Yazd echocardiography department. They have been randomly selected and echo test and sonography have been done for all by expert specialists. Data were analyzed by chi-square, Exact Fisher and Mantel-Haenszel tests.
Results: Stress test were negative in 80 (61.53%) and were positive in 50 (38.47%) patients. Of 80 negative stress test subjects, negative gallbladder sonography was observed in 77 (96.25%) patients while in 3 (3.75) patients gallbladder sonography was positive. Among 50 positive stress test patients, 42 (84%) and 8 (16%) patients had negative and positive gallbladder sonography, respectively. There not found statistically significant association between CAD and gallston (p= 0.022).
Conclusion: Patients who had coronary artery disease, compared with healthy individuals, are at increased risk of gallstones. In men older than 50 years suffering from vague upper abdominal pain, Liver and gallbladder sonography ultrasound is recommended for detection of probable biliary stones.

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Background: Visual evoked potential (VEP) is one of the most important tests to differentiate migraine from any other headaches. This study was performed to evaluate the changes of VEP in migrainous patients.

Materials and methods: In this case- control study, 50 patients with migraine referred to Basir Clinic in Tehran in 2014, were consecutively enrolled and the VEP results in them were determined and compared with 50 healthy subjects.

Results: The mean (± standard deviation) voltage were 5.88±1.87 and 5.08±1.55 microvolt in the case and control groups, respectively (P=0.107). The mean latency of case group was 94.32±7.31 milisecond, while it was 93.08±8.07 milisecod in the control group (P=0.572).

Conclusion: Totally, it is concluded that the recorded waves of VEP in migrainous patients are similar to healthy non migrainous people.

Keywords: Migraine, Visual evoked potential, Electrophysiological test.

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Infantile colic is a common condition among infants in which inability of caregivers to console their infants can lead to shaken baby syndrome, child abuse, depression and etc. Therefore it can lay a great economic burden in healthcare and social welfare systems. Even though it is highly prevalent, little agreement has been reached on the definition, pathogenesis or the optimal management strategy for infantile colic. In the past decade major leaps in understanding infantile colic has been taken by researchers. Although our understanding is greater than before, but novel treatments has yet to be introduced. The current review aims to delineate the Rome IV criteria definition, which is the latest published diagnostic criteria. Moreover, gastrointestinal, neurogenic, microbial and psychosocial factors that might contribute to the pathophysiology of infant colic are explored. Also, clinical assessment of infant with suspected colic is reviewed. Important aspect of the management of infant colic is further highlighted by this review. Management strategies, including dietary, behavioral, pharmacological and alternative interventions are also discussed