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Background: Diabetes mellitus and its complications are a public health problem. Exercise is frequently recommended in the type І and type П diabetes mellitus and can improve glucose uptake by increasing insulin sensitivity and lowering body adiposity. Diabetic nephropathy has become the main cause of renal failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of regular exercise on diabetic nephropathy.

 Materials and methods: In this study, fifty-six 12-week rats weighted 200-300 gr were selected and assigned into two groups (treatment and control). Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The treatment group were kept in normal conditions of food and place with regular exercise (treadmill) for 12 weeks, 5 days in a week, an hour every day. In control group we prepared normal conditions (food and place) without any physical activity/regular exercise. After 12 weeks renal tissues were sampled in both groups and 5-6 micron tissue section were prepared through H&E staining method.

Results: Histopathological analysis of tissue section in control group demonstrated that glumerosclerosis, artheriolosclerosis, perivascular cuffing of mononuclear inflammatory cells, tubular cells nephrosis and hyaline cast in lumen of renal tubules and a little pathological changes in treatment group were observed. Mean deference of histopathological changes and proteinuria in two groups were significant.

 Conclusion: We demonstrated that regular exercise (treadmill) is able to reduce pathological changes and improve diabetic nephropathy disease in diabetic patients resulting in the reduction of HbA1c, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, VLDL, expression of apoptosis regulatory

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Background: Regular exercise by increasing insulin sensitivity and improving the glucose uptake and lowering body adiposity is a powerful non-pharmacological tool for prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic hepatopathy is the main cause of liver failure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of regular exercise on diabetic hepatopathy.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 56 wistar male rats with approximate age of 12 weeks and 200-300g weight were allocated into two equal groups of treatment and control. For induction of diabetes, these two groups were injected by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The treatment group was kept in normal conditions of management with regular exercise (treadmill) as 5 days a week, an hour every day, for 12 weeks. In control group, subjects have normal conditions without any physical activity and regular exercise. After 12 weeks, liver tissues were sampled in both groups and 5-6 micron tissue sections were prepared through H&E staining method.
Results: Histopathological study in control group showed hepatosclerosis, central vein perivascular cuffing of mononuclear inflammatory cells, hepatocellular degeneration, sclerosing hyaline necrosis, apoptosis, dense perisinusoidal, and periportal and perivenular fibrosis. Mild pathological changes were observed in treatment group and significant differences were observed between two groups.
Conclusion: Treadmill exercise is capable in reduction of pathological changes and improves diabetic hepatopathy to near normal histology.

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Background: Nowadays, social relations have been become more complex and mental diseases have been raised. So, it will be necessary that people become more familiar with methods of opposition and psychological defense mechanisms which is especially important for individuals with special diseases. Purpose of the present research was to study the level and way of using defense mechanisms by diabetic and healthy people.
Materials and methods: In this case-control study, among 500 diabetic people who visited in Imam Khomeini hospital of Ardebil in years 2006– 2007, 40 diabetic and 40 healthy people were selected by systematic sampling method. Information was gathered by means of a questionnaire prepared by Qamari (1383) according to defense function measure (DSM-IV). Data were compared between two groups by t-test.
Results: There was significant relation between education and job with the way of how using defense mechanisms. While, level of using defense mechanisms between men and women, patients and non- patients, and single and married people was not significant.
Conclusion: In general, diabetic and non-diabetic people, especially jobless and low educated subjects need further information about defense mechanisms.

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Background: Diabetes is a serious chronic illness and needs end of life care behavior that its-reflect will be as a physical, mental and social disequilibrium. Also, self-concept is an overall view of him/her-self that encompass all the strengths and weaknesses of individual. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-concept and quality of life in people with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlation study was done on 280 patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to clinic of diabetes in Imam Khomeini hospital at Ardebil. Data were gathered by questionnaires, including socio-demographic status, Farrell & Grant questionnaires and Beck’s self concept test. The data were analyzed using SPSS by descriptive analysis, Chi-square, and exact Fisher tests.
Results: Most patients with type 2diabetes had low self-concept (98 [34.5%]) and low quality of life level (123 [43.9%]). Results of chi-square test (P=0.001) and Pearson correlation (r=o.91) indicated that there was statistically significant relationship between quality of life and self-concept.
Conclusion: Our study showed that self-concept and quality of life have direct and positive relationships. Then, we can modify and enhance the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes, increase their self-concept until they have a suitable self-care and be prevented the physical, emotional and psychological complications of diabetes.

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Background: Burn wound, as a chemical and physical phenomenon, is a leading cause of mortality in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Cinnamon zeylanicum extract on burn wounds in diabetic and non-diabetic male rats by local usage and injection method.
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 48 Wistar male rats were divided into 2 groups of non-diabetic burn wound group and diabetic group which was divided itself into 4 subgroups. To create wounds, a hot iron seal placed on the skin. Testing duration was 21 days. At the end of every week, some photographs and measurement were taken.
 Results: In diabetic control and local treatment group, a significant reduction was found on 14th day in wound surface in comparison of diabetic group that received extract. For local treatment, a significant reduction was observed in healthy treatment group on 7th, 14th and 21th days. Both healthy treatment and control group who received injection had a significant reduction on 14th and 7th days compared to healthy control group.
Conclusion: Application of cinnamon zeylanicum extracts would contribute to burn wound improvement and it seems more effective in non-diabetic group compared to diabetic group, and also the injection method was more effective. Perhaps, this is due to better absorption of Eugenol and Cinnamaldehyde in extract by injection rather than local treatment.

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Background: Diabetes is one of the most important metabolic diseases in the world that can ultimately lead to ulceration and amputation of lower limbs. The aim of this study was pigment extraction from isolated environmental bacteria and their effect on antibiotic resistant bacteria cooperated on infected diabetic foot.
Materials and methods: In this project, dominant bacteria were identified using biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated. Then, effect of different solvent was evaluated on the extraction of pigments using thin layer chromatography. Finally the affected bacteria were molecularly identified.
Results: The results obtained from this study indicated that the most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results from antibiogram tests indicated that most of the gram positive isolates had same results and the gram negative was sensitive to Meropenem and Imipenem. Among extracted pigments, 4 different pigment which is effective on antibiotic resistant bacteria according to molecular technique were Brachybacterium sp. IARI-ABL-35, Brachybacterium nesterenkovii strain DSM 9573, Brevundimonas sp. NeomS2D Kocuria sp. YIM 75764.
Conclusion: According to biologic properties of bacterial pigments, we could use them in the treatment of various diseases.

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Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic training with resveratrol supplementation on regulatory and executive factors of cardiomyocytes apoptosis in streptozocin diabetic male rats.
Materials and methods: In an experimental study, 50 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 healthy controls, diabetics, resveratrol supplements, aerobic training and complementary resveratrol + aerobic training. Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (50 ml/kg). Training was done 5 days per week for 8 weeks. They did exercise on the treadmill at 15m/min, 5 min and gradient of 15%. At the end of the course, all animals were completely and similarly treated and 48 hours after the last training session, anesthetized and sacrificed. After cardiac out and homogenization, the concentration of BAX, Bcl-2 and Caspase3 was measured individually.
Results: After induction of diabetes, the concentration of BAX and Caspase-3 significantly increased compared with healthy controls, while BCL-2 concentration decreased significantly. However, only exercise interaction and resveratrol had significant effect on BAX concentration and had no significant effect on Caspase-3 levels. Each exercise and resveratrol separately increased BCL-2 concentration, but their interactive effect was not significant.
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and resveratrol have a beneficial effect on cardiac apoptosis in inducing diabetes, but their interaction is not significant in the process of cardiac apoptosis. Of course, aerobic exercise and resveratrol could be used as complementary therapies for myocardial protection against invasive apoptosis induced by diabetes.