[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
Articles archive::
For Authors::
For Reviewers::
Registration::
Contact us::
Site Facilities::
Webmail::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
..
:: Volume 30, Issue 3 (Fall 2020) ::
MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020, 30(3): 299-312 Back to browse issues page
Comparing effectiveness of virtual reality therapy and mindfulness-acceptance therapy on attention focus and social anxiety symptoms
Fazael Farnoush1 , Mojtaba Khodadadi 2, Shahnaz Nouhi3
1- PhD of Psychology, Azad Islamic University Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran , psy.farnoush@gmail.com
3- Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Azad Islamic University Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
Abstract:   (2883 Views)
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of virtual reality therapy and mindfulness-acceptance therapy on attention focus and social anxiety symptoms among social anxiety patients who referred to counseling centers of Tehran City.
Materials and methods: This semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design was done on social anxiety patients. The sample consisted of 30 social anxiety patients who referred to counseling centers of Tehran City in summer and autumn 2018. Diagnosis of social anxiety disorder was based on clinical interview and social phobia inventory (SPIN). They and were selected through available sampling and then randomly assigned to two experimental groups (each 15 patients). Attention focus questionnaire and social phobia inventory (SPIN) was used for data gathering in the pre- and post-test. Two groups received either experience virtual reality therapy (8 sessions 20 minutes) or mindfulness-acceptance therapy (8 sessions 45 minutes).
Results: Both virtual reality therapy and mindfulness-acceptance therapy were effective on attention focus and social anxiety symptoms. Effectiveness of virtual reality therapy and mindfulness-acceptance therapy were significantly different in attention focus. In internal attention focus, virtual reality exposure therapy and in external attention focus, mindfulness-acceptance therapy were more effective. In social anxiety symptoms, two therapies were not different.
Conclusion: So according to our results, virtual reality therapy and mindfulness-acceptance therapy could use for improving attention focus and treating social anxiety symptoms.
Keywords: Virtual reality therapy, Mindfulness-acceptance therapy, Attention focus, Social anxiety symptoms.
Full-Text [PDF 401 kb]   (1545 Downloads)    
Semi-pilot: Survey/Cross Sectional/Descriptive | Subject: psychology
Received: 2019/04/27 | Accepted: 2019/07/31 | Published: 2020/09/20
References
1. 1. Ostovar S, Khaier M, Taghavi MR, Eds. Theoretical, research and theraputic bases of social anxiety disorder. Shiraz: Eram press; 2013. [In Persian]
2. Sosic Z, Gieler U, Stangier U. Screening for social phobia in medical in and outpatients with germen version of social phobia Inventory (SPIN). J Anxiety Disord 2008; 849-859. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.011]
3. American Psychiatric Assossiation. Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. (Fifth Edition) (DSM-V). Seyedmohammadi Y: translator. Tehran: Ravan; 2013. [In Persian]
4. McAleavey AA, Castonguay LG, Goldfried MR. Clinical experiences in conducting cognitivebehavioral therapy for social phobia. J Behav Ther 2014; 45: 21-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.008]
5. Grant DM, Beck JG. Attentional biases in social anxiety and dysphoria: Does comorbidity make a difference? J Anxiety Disord 2006; 20: 520-529. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.05.003]
6. Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Fang A, Asnaani A. Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depr Anxiety 2012; 29: 409-416. [DOI:10.1002/da.21888]
7. Eldar S, Ricon T, Bar-Haim Y. Plasticity in attention: implications for stress response in children. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46: 450-461. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.012]
8. Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg M, Van Ijzendoorn M. Threat- related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Bull 2007; 133: 1- 24. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1]
9. Wells A. The attention training technique: theory, effects, and a metacognitive hypothesis on auditory hallucinations. Cogn Behav Pract 2007; 14: 134-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.01.010]
10. McEvoy PM, Perini SJ. Cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia with or without attention training: a controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23:519-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.10.008]
11. Hodson KJ, McManus FV, Clark DM, Doll H. Can Clark and Wells' (1995) cognitive model of social phobia be applied to young people? Behav Cogn Psychother 2008; 36: 449-461. [DOI:10.1017/S1352465808004487]
12. Taylor S. Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for social phobia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1996; 27: 1-9.‌ [DOI:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00058-5]
13. Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Fang A, Asnaani A. Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2012; 29: 409-416. [DOI:10.1002/da.21888]
14. Burdea G, Ed. Virtual reality systems and applications electro. International Conference, Short Course. NJ: Edison Helen Valach; 1993.
15. Emmelkamp PMG, Krijn M, Hulsboseh AM, Devries S, Schuemie MJ, Vander Mast CA. Virtual reality treatment versus exposure on vivo: a comparative Evaluation in Acrophobia. Behav Res Ther 2002;5: 509-516. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00023-7]
16. Eslami P, Monshei GH, Hajebrahimi Z. Effectiveness of virtual reality on reduction fear of flying among individuals with fear of flying. Clin Psychol 2014; 13: 44-62. [In Persian]
17. Soleimani M, Ahmadi K, Ed. The basics and practice of virtual reality therapy. Tehran: Sina Press; 2016. [In Persian]
18. Ost LG. Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46: 296-321. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.005]
19. Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44: 1-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006]
20. Nazemi H, Najafi M, Makvand Hosseini S, Maleki A, Rahimian Boogar E. Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy on reduction avoidance and social distress symptoms among individuals with social anxiety disorder. Bebav Sci Res 2018; 16: 389-399. [In Persian]
21. Ostadian Khani z, Fadaei Moghadam M. Effectiveness of group acceptance and commitment therapy on social adjustment and social phobia of physiologic disabled. Rehabilitation 2016; 18: 63-72. [In Persian] [DOI:10.21859/jrehab-180163]
22. Soleimani M, Ahmadi K, Mohamadi A. Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders and PTSD: A systematic review of litrarture. Bebav Sci Res 2016; 14: 111-124. [In Persian]
23. Shabani J, Masdari M. Effectiveness of training mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing social anxiety disorder among first high school female students. Cognitive Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry 2016; 12-27. [In Persian]
24. Sheykhan R, Mohammadkhani S, Hasanabadi H R. The effect of the group training of the attention training technique on anxiety, self-focused attention and metaworries in socially anxious adolescents. JCP 2013; 1:33-45. [In Persian]
25. Mehrdoost Z, Neshatdoost HT, Abedi A. Effectiveness acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing self-focused attention and modification self-efficacy beliefs. Psychological Methods and Models 2014; 3: 67-71. [In Persian]
26. Bakhtyarpour S, Heidari A, Alipoor Kodadadi S. relationship between attention bias and general self-efficacy with social anxiety among female students. Woman and Culture 2012; 3: 71-85. [In Persian]
27. Taherifar Z, Fata L, Gharaei B. The pattern of prediction in students based on cognitive-behavioral factors. Iranian J Psychiatry Clin Psychol 2010; 16: 33-45.
28. Khayyer M, Ostovar S, Latifian M, Taghavi MR, Samani S. The study of mediating effects of self-focused attention and social self-efficacy on links between social anxiety and judgment biases. J Psychiatry Clin Psychol 2008; 14: 24-32.
29. Goldin PR, Morrison AS, Jazaieri H, Heimberg RG, Gross JJ. Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther 2017; 97:1-13. ‌ [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2017.06.001]
30. Kim HE, Hong YJ, Kim MK, Jung YH, Kyeong S, Kim JJ. Effectiveness of self-training using the mobile-based virtual reality program in patients with social anxiety disorder. Comput Human Behav 2017; 73: 614-619. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.017]
31. Boll S, Bartholomaeus M, Peter U, Lupke U, Gamer M. Attentional mechanisms of social perception are biased in sicail phobia. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 40: 83-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.004]
32. Yuen EK, Herbert JD, Forman EM, Goetter EM, Comer R, Bradley JC. Treatment of social anxiety disorder using online virtual environments in second life. Behav Ther 2013; 44:51-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2012.06.001]
33. Carlbring P, Apelstrand M, Sehlin H, Amir N, Rousseau A, Hofmann SG, et al. Internet-delivered attention bias modification training in individuals with social anxiety disorder - a double blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12: 1-9. [DOI:10.1186/1471-244X-12-66]
34. Heuett BL, Heuett AB. Virtual reality therapy: a means of reducing public speaking anxiety. Int J Humanit Soc 2011; 1: 1-6.
35. Safir MP, Wallach HS, Bar-Zvi M. Virtual reality cognitive-behavior therapy for public speaking anxiety: one-year follow-up. Behav Modif 2012; 36: 235-246. [DOI:10.1177/0145445511429999]
36. Dalrymple KL, Herbert JD. Acceptance and commitment therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Behav Modific 2007; 31: 543-568. [DOI:10.1177/0145445507302037]
37. Woody SR, Chambless DL, Glass CR. Self-focused attention in the treatment of social phobia. Behav Res Ther 1997;35: 117-129. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00084-8]
38. Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Churchil LR, Sherwood A, Foa G, Wisler RH. Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory (SpIN): new self-rating scale. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 176: 379-386. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.176.4.379]
39. Hasavan Amoozade M, Hasavan Amoozade A, Ghadampour M. Prediction social phobia symptoms (fear, avoidance and physiologic distress) based on maladjustment primary shemas. Psychol Res 2014;8: 94-115.
40. North Mm, North SM, Coble JR. Virtual reality therapy: An effective treatment for the fear of public speaking. International Journal of Virtual Reality 2015; 3: 1-6. [DOI:10.20870/IJVR.1998.3.3.2625]
41. Kocovski NL, Fleming JE, Rector NA. Mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy for social anxiety disorder: an open trial. Cogn Behav Pract 2009; 16: 276-289. ‌ [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.12.004]
42. Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. New York: The Guilford Press; 2002.
43. Harris R. ACT made simple: an easy-to-read primer on acceptance and commitment therapy. New York: Harbinger Publications; 2009.
44. Raoofi Ahmad R, Tatkhan M, Ghorban Shiroodi S, Nouzari M. Relationship between attention bias and self-efficacy with social anxiety among female high school students. Soc Psychol Res 2011; 2: 27-38.
45. Bogels SM, Mansell w. Attention process in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hyper vigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clin Psychol Res 2004; 24: 827-856. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.005]
46. Hertel PT, Brozovich F, Joormann J, Gotlib IH. Bias in interpretation and memory in generalized social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol 2008; 117: 278-288. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.278]
47. Clark D, Wells A. A cognitive model of social phobia. In: social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford Press; 1995.
48. Pineles SL, Mineka S. Attentional biases to internal and external sources of potential threat in social anxiety. J Abnorm Psychol 2005; 114: 314-318. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.114.2.314]
49. Hayes SC, Stroshal KD, Wilson KG, Bissett RT, Pistorello J, Toarmino D, et al. Measuring experiential avoidance: a preliminary test of a working model. Psycholog Rep 2004; 54: 553-578. [DOI:10.1007/BF03395492]
50. Ghamari Givi H, Agh AS, Mehrabadi S. Comparing cognitive behavior therapy based on computer with clinical therapy on social anxiety disorder. Couns Psychother Res 2011; 4: 91-110.
51. Reid DT. Benefits of a virtual play rehabilitation environment for children with cerebral palsy on participants of self-efficacy: a pilot study. Pediatr Rehabil 2002; 5: 141-148. [DOI:10.1080/1363849021000039344]
52. Linehan MM, Armstrong HE, Suarez A, Allmon D. Cognitive behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 1060-1065. [DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810360024003]
53. Costa RT, Carvalho, MR, Nardi AE. Virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of driving phobia teor. EPESQ Brasilia 2010; 26: 131-137. [DOI:10.1590/S0102-37722010000100015]
54. Emmelkamp PMG, Meyerbröker K, Morina N. Virtual reality therapy in social anxiety disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020;22:32. [DOI:10.1007/s11920-020-01156-1]
Send email to the article author

Add your comments about this article
Your username or Email:

CAPTCHA



XML   Persian Abstract   Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Farnoush F, Khodadadi M, Nouhi S. Comparing effectiveness of virtual reality therapy and mindfulness-acceptance therapy on attention focus and social anxiety symptoms. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 30 (3) :299-312
URL: http://tmuj.iautmu.ac.ir/article-1-1813-en.html


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 30, Issue 3 (Fall 2020) Back to browse issues page
فصلنامه علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد پزشکی تهران Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity - Tehran Medical Branch
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.05 seconds with 37 queries by YEKTAWEB 4660