1- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran , nima44bahador@gmail.com 2- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran 3- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kazeroun University, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroun, Iran 4- MSc Student, Department of Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract: (2046 Views)
Worldwide epidemic had a specific role on human health and economic; Corona, for example, as a huge pandemic had an expand effect on human health, social relation, economic, politic and environment with severe respiratory disorder and high mortality rate in the world. Due to importance of SARS-Cov-2, the present paper deals with the route of transmission, their relation with sex, prevention and control. Research shows that sex-linked immunological differences as well as sex hormones are effective in responding to infectious diseases. Since COVID- 19 is a critical global treat, therefore, in this article, factors such as restricting populations, appropriate medicine, forestry, population growth control, global ban on wildlife trade and nutrition, which are important factors in the spread of this organism are discussed. Results illustrated thatsex hormones and presence of ACE2 receptors in male are the most important factors for developing the disease. Hence, it is recommended that they take more responsibility for the use of masks, regular hand washing with disinfectants, reducing the use of cigarettes and alcohol, and using foods containing vitamins such as A, C, E, zinc, Selenium and omega-3s and reduced presence in populations can prevent virus transmission.
1. Khan E, Siddiqui J, Shakoor S, Mehraj V, Jamil B, Hasan R. Dengue outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, 2006: Experience at a tertiary care center". Trans R Soc 2007; 101: 1114-19. [DOI:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.016]
2. Gignoux E, Idowu R, Bawo L, Hurum L,Sprecher A, Bastard M, et al. Use of Capture-Recapture to Estimate Underreporting of Ebola Virus Disease, Montserrado County, Liberia. Emerg Infec Dis 2015; 21: 2265-67. [DOI:10.3201/eid2112.150756]
4. World Health Organization. "Cholera Country Profile: Zimbabwe", Global Task Force on Cholera Control. Last update: 31 October 2009. [Available from: https://www.who.int/cholera/countries/ZimbabweCountryProfileOct2009.pdf?ua=1]
5. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395, 497-506. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5]
6. World Health Organization. Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection When Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection Is Suspected: Interim Guidance.2020. [Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330893]
7. Gorbalenya, AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its viruses-a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. bioRxiv 2020.02.07.937862. [DOI:10.1101/2020.02.07.937862]
8. World Health Organization. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 Based on data as of the 31 December 2003. [Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/]
9. World Health Organization. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERSCoV). [Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/ 5 February2020]
10. Chakraborty I, Maity P. COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Sci Total Environ 2020;728:138882. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882]
11. Backer JA, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga, J. Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) infections among travelers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January2020. Euro Surveill 2020; 25:1-6. [DOI:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062]
12. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu, J, Xu M. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 2020; 30: 269-71. [DOI:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0]
13. Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, Wan S, Huang P, Sun X. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Discov 2020;6:4-7. [DOI:10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1]
14. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends 2020;14:69-71. [DOI:10.5582/bst.2020.01020]
15. Liu W, Morse JS, Lalonde T, Xu S. Learning from the past: possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute respiratory infections caused by2019-nCoV. Chembiochem 2020; 21:730-38. [DOI:10.1002/cbic.202000047]
16. Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, ZhouY, MaY, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan2019-nCov. BioRxiv 2020;2020.01.26.919985. [DOI:10.1101/2020.01.26.919985]
17. Shim E, Tariq A, ChoiW, Lee Y, Chowell G. Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea. Int J Infect Dis 2020;93:339-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.031]
18. Wright GJ, Cherwinski H, Foster-Cuevas M, Brooke G, Puklavec MJ, Bigler M. Characterization of the CD200 receptor family in mice and humans and their interactions with CD200. J Immunol 2003;171:3034-46. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3034]
19. Mihrshahi R, Barclay AN, Brown MH. Essential roles for Dok2and RasGAP in CD200 receptor-mediated regulation of humanmyeloid cells. J Immunol 2009;183:4879-86. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.0901531]
21. Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2016;16:626-38. [DOI:10.1038/nri.2016.90]
22. Ghazeeri G, Abdullah L, Abbas O. Immunological differences in women compared with men: overview and contributing factors. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011;66:163-69. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01052.x]
23. Elgendy IY, Pepine CJ. Why are women better protected from COVID-19: Clues for men? Sex and COVID-19. Int J Cardiol 2020;315:105-06. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.05.026]
24. Faure E, Kipnis E, Bortolotti P, Salik J. Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med 2020;29:2016-17.
25. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;1-13.
26. The Sex, Gender and COVID-19 Project. [Available from: https://globalhealth5050.org/the-sex-gender-and-covid-19-project/]
27. de la Vega R, Ruíz-Barquín R, Boros S, Szabo A. Could attitudes toward COVID-19 in Spain render men more vulnerable than women? Glob Public Health 2020;15:1278-91. [DOI:10.1080/17441692.2020.1791212]
28. Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. Recycling of chloroquine and its hydroxyl analogue to face bacterial, fungal and viral infections in the 21st century. Int J Antimicrob 2007; 30, 297-308. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.05.015]
29. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020;395:470-473. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9]
30. Li W, Sui J, Huang IC, Kuhn JH, Radoshitzky SR, Marasco WA. The S proteins of human coronavirus NL63 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus bind overlapping regions ofACE2. Virology 2007;367:367-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2007.04.035]
31. Different COVID-19 vaccines. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines.html#:~:text=Three%20COVID%2D19%20vaccines%20are,19%20vaccine%20in%20some%20situations.
32. Ruscio BA, Brubaker M, Glasser J, Hueston W, Hennessy TW. One health-astrategy for resilience in a changing arctic. Int J Circumpolar Health 2015; 74, 27913. [DOI:10.3402/ijch.v74.27913]
33. Olivero J, Fa JE, Real R. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with Ebolavirus disease outbreaks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14291. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14727-9]
34. Afelt A, Frutos R, Devaux C. Bats, coronaviruses, and deforestation: toward theemergence of novel infectious diseases? Front Microbiol 2018; 9: 702. [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00702]
35. Shindell D, Borgford-Parnell N, Brauer M, Haines A, Kuylenstierna JCI, Leonard SA, Ramanathan V, Ravishankara A, Amann M, Srivastava L. A climate policy pathway for near- and long-term benefits. Science 2018; 356:493-494. [DOI:10.1126/science.aak9521]
36. Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL. Bat coronaviruses in China. Viruses 2019; 11, 210. [DOI:10.3390/v11030210]
37. Field CJ, Johnson IR, Schley PD. Nutrients and their role in host resistance to infection. J Leukoc Biol 2002;71: 16-32.
38. Kańtoch M, Litwińska B, Szkoda M, Siennicka J. Znaczenie niedoboru witaminy. A dla patologii i immunologii zakazeń wirusowych [Importance of vitamin A deficiency in pathology and immunology of viral infections]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2002;53385-92. [In Polish]
39. Jee J, Hoet AE, Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Loerch SC, Pickworth CL, et al. Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2013;74: 1353-62. [DOI:10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1353]
40. Gwin JA, Karl JP, Lutz LJ. Gaffeny-Stomberg E, Mc Clung JP, Pasiakos SM. Higher protein density diets are associated with greater diet quality and micronutrient intake in healthy young adults. Front Nutr 2019; 59:1-9. [DOI:10.3389/fnut.2019.00059]
41. Hemilä H, Douglas RM. Vitamin C and acute respiratory infections. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3: 756-61.
42. Chambial S, Dwivedi S, Shukla KK, John PJ and Sharma P. Vitamin C in disease prevention and cure: an overview. Indian J Clin Biochem 2013;28: 314-28. [DOI:10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3]
43. Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G. The Role of Zinc in Antiviral Immunity. Adv Nutr 2019;10:696-710. [DOI:10.1093/advances/nmz013]
44. Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Bao B, Beck FW, Chandrasekar PH. Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000;133: 245-52. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00006]
45. Asdamongkol N, Phanachet P, Sungkanuparph S. Low plasma zinc levels and immunological responses to zinc supplementation in HIV-infected patients with immunological discordance after anti-retroviral therapy. Japan J Infec Dis 2013;66: 469-74. [DOI:10.7883/yoken.66.469]
46. Baum MK, Lai S, Sales S, Page JB, Campa A. Randomized, controlled clinical trial of zinc supplementation to prevent immunological failure in HIV-infected adults. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50: 1653-60. [DOI:10.1086/652864]
47. Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ. Selenium in the immune system. J Nutr 2003;133:1457S-9S. [DOI:10.1093/jn/133.5.1457S]
48. Beck MA. Selenium and vitamin E status: impact on viral pathogenicity. J Nutr 2007; 137: 1338-40. [DOI:10.1093/jn/137.5.1338]
49. Tantcheva L, Stoeva ES, Galabov AS, Braykova AA, Savov VM, Mileva MM. Effect of vitamin E and vitamin C combination on experimental influenza virus infection. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2003; 25:259-64. [DOI:10.1358/mf.2003.25.4.769673]
50. Khayyatzadeh SS. Nutrition and Infection with COVID-19. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security (JNFS) 2020; 5: 93-96. [DOI:10.18502/jnfs.v5i2.2795]
Bahador N, Baseri Salehi N, Baseri Salehi P, Samimi M, Adib M. COVID- 19: disease, progress, control and their relation with sex. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 32 (1) :1-10 URL: http://tmuj.iautmu.ac.ir/article-1-1924-en.html